The Criteria for Humanity
by (Martyr) Murtadha Mutahari
I have been asked to discuss the question of the criteria for humanity. If we were to
do so from the viewpoint of biology, this would be an easy matter since we would be
dealing with the human body and the place of human beings in the animal world, in
which case there is no difference between individuals. By the standard of anatomy,
medicine, and, even to some extent, psychology, there are no major differences
between two or more individuals.
But is humanity limited to the body? Is human perfection and mobility confined to
man's physical aspect? In humanistic sciences there is talk of perfect and imperfect
man, of the low and high kind. What type of human being is ethically and socially
worthy of respect because of his or her perfection, or deserving of contempt because
of his or her imperfections? This is a topic which has always attracted attention not
only in human knowledge, but also in various religions. For example, the Quran
speaks of human beings who are higher than angels and worthy of homage by the
latter. It also mentions human beings who are inferior to animals.
What is the criteria which measures the differences between human beings? This
question is not only related to religion. Materialistic philosophers, too, who do not
believe in God and religion, discuss the question of man, humanity and superior and
inferior beings.
What is the criteria according to these philosophers? Can we say that human beings
are equal genetically, but that they differ in knowledge. That is, something which is
acquired not inherited, so that a person with more knowledge is higher than one with
less? Is this related to academic knowledge which gives superiority according to the
level and stage of one's studies? Do we respect people only in proportion to their
learning? Is Abu Dhar honoured because he was more learned than his
contemporaries? Is Mu'awiyah blameworthy and disliked because he had inferior
knowledge?
I do not believe that learning is a criterion for humanity. If it were so, we should say
that Einstein was the most endowed with qualities of humanity since he was the most
learned man of his time.
Another view is that although knowledge is one of the requisites of humanity, and
although the importance of awareness of the self, of the society and of the world
cannot be denied, it is inadequate. This view claims that humanity is measured by
character and disposition. A person may be very learned, but if he has a bad
character, would he be considered to be a real human being?
An animal behaves according to its instincts and it possesses no will to rule over its
instincts. When we call a dog a faithful animal, its faithfulness is instinctive. An ant is
prudent by instinct. There are also human beings in the world who have a disposition
resembling that of an animal. They possess their natural instincts, but have done
nothing to refinethemselves, and are condemned only to follow their nature.
The awareness of an animal is limited to its own time and place, while man's
awareness allows him to know the past and have an idea of the future and also step
beyond his own area and even his own planet. But the question of character is a
different matter. Knowledge is related to what one is taught, while character is related
to training and the forming of habits.
I do not think that knowledge as a criterion of humanity is acceptable and I will later
explain what type of people support it. The second view, i.e., characteristics as a
criterion of humanity, has more supporters. But we may ask what kind of
characteristics and dispositions? One of the answers to this question is that love is
the desired criterion, love, which is the mother of other fine dispositions. Thus, if one
bases one's character on the love of human beings, one has real humanity. Such a
person is as interested in others as in one's '"self " or even more interested in them.
In religion this is called self-sacrifice. There is a statement in a book that there is an
instruction in all religions to love for others what you love for yourself, and dislike for
them what you dislike for yourself. This has been stated in our traditions. This is the
logic of love. As we know, in the Hindu schools and in Christianity, much emphasis is
laid on love. But they have gone so far as to lose sight of everything else and
maintain that love is to be a course of action in all circumstances. Thus the love of
both these ideologies is a kind of stupefaction and the adequacy of love as a criterion
of humanity is to be discussed.
But if we accept the love for other human beings as the criterion, the issue will be
solved more easily than if we accept knowledge as the criterion. For example,
concerning our preference for Abu Dhar over Mu'awiyah, we are in a better position
to judge them on the basis of love. Mu'awiyah was a selfish and ambitious man who
exploited others by force. Abudhar was the reverse, and although he had all the
possibilities and even though Mu'awiyah was prepared to offer him many privileges,
yet he was anxious about the fate of others, particularly those who were oppressed
by Mu'awiyah. That is why he arose against this wicked man and spent his last years
in exile where he died. Thus, we call Abudhar human as he loved others, and we
consider Mu'awiyah inhuman as he was only interested in himself.
Or, similarly, why do we think Hadrat Ali, peace be upon him, is a perfect human
being? Because he felt society's pain, and his 'I' had become 'We'. His personality
attracted all others. He was not an individual separated from others. He was a limb or
organ of a whole body. He himself said that a pain in one part of society, as in a
body, made itself felt in the other parts, one of which was himself. Ali had declared
this long before the humanistic philosophy of thetwentieth century claimed it as an
ideal.
When he heard that a governor appointed by him had attended a feast, he wrote him
a letter of protest which is quoted in the Nahj ul-Balagha. It is not mentioned what
kind of a feast it had been, whether there had been drinking or gambling or dancing.
The governor was considered guilty by Hadrat Ali because he had participated in an
aristocratic feast which was not attended by any poor people.
He says, "I never believed a governor and representative of mine would attend such
a party of the nobility." He then describes his own life and says that he felt other
people's pain more than his own and their pain prevented him from feeling his own.
His words show that he was a truly learned and wise sage. Yet the reason why we
honor him so deeply is not only because of his wide knowledge, but because he was
human. He was not unaware of the destiny of others.
Another school of thought considers resolution and will power as the criterion for
humanity. It claims that if a person can dominate himself, his instincts, nerves and
passions by his will-power and reason and not be dominated over by his inclinations
and desires, he is really human.
There is a difference between desire and will. Desire is an attraction by an exterior
force, a relation between man and external objects, like a hungry man drawn by food,
or sexual attraction. Even sleep is an attraction. So is desire for rank and position.
But resolution is some thing internal, which liberates one from the urges of desire. It
places desires at the disposal of will-power to employ them as it considers expedient.
Most of our past moralists emphasized resolution as a criterion for humanity. People,
unlike animals, which are ruled by instinct, can decide to act against their own
inclinations. Thus a person of resolution is more human than one who cannot control
the 'self'.
Another criterion for humanity is freedom. What does this mean? It means that to the
extent that one tolerates no force, and is not captivated by any power and can
choose freely, one is human. In modern schools of thought, much emphasis is laid
on freedom as one of the criteria of humanity. Is this view correct or not? It is both
correct and incorrect. As a requisite for humanity, it is correct, but as the sole
criterion for humanity, it is wrong.
Islam has laid great emphasis on self-control. I relate a story here in connection with
it. It is narrated that the Prophet was passing by a place in Medina where a number
of young men were testing their strength by lifting a heavy stone. When they saw the
Prophet, they asked him to act as judge. The Prophet agreed, and at the end of the
competition he said, "Do you know who is the strongest? It is he who controls his
anger and does not allow it to overcome him. He must not use his anger in a way
contrary to God's satisfaction and should be able to dominate over his own desires."
On that day, the Prophet transformed a physical contest into a spiritual one. What he
meant was that physical strength shows manliness but it is not the only sign of it.
True manliness is in the strength of will power.
We call Hadrat Ali the 'Lion of God', for he was more manly than all in two ways:
Externally in society and on the battlefield where he could overthrow his strongest
opponents; and, more important than that, internally, meaning that he was in perfect
control of himself and of every whim and wish.
Jalal al-din Rumi tells a story in his Mathnavi about Hadrat Ali as a young man of 24
or 25 in which he portrays a fine picture of manliness. He had thrown down his
adversary in a battle and was sitting on his chest, about to kill him. The man spit on
Hadrat's face. Annoyed, Hadrat Ali temporarily leaves the man and walks about for a
while. The man asks why he left him to himself. Hadrat answers, "If I had killed you
then, it would have been in anger, not in the way of my duty to my goal and for the
sake of God." This is a wonderful example of self control.
Hadrat says in his testament to his son, Imam Hasan, peace be upon him, "Consider
yourself and your life above every mean deed. In return for what you pay out of your
life for desires, you receive nothing. Do not make yourself a slave of others, for God
has created you free." The question of freedom is something that the school of
existentialism, too, accepts as a criterion for humanity.
Another criterion for humanity is the question of duty and responsibility which began
with Kant and has been emphasized in our own time. This means feeling responsible
to society, to oneself and to one's family. How should one obtain this feeling and
what is its basis? Is it created in one's conscience?
Another school of thought, including Plato, considers beauty as the criterion for
humanity. All schools recognize and approve of justice. One school approves of
justice from an ethical viewpoint. Another one approves of it because it considers
that there is a relation between justice and freedom, while Plato thinks justice is good
in both the individual and society, because it leads to poise and beauty. Of course,
his idea of beauty is obviously spiritual beauty.
On another occasion we will judge between all these schools and we will review the
views of Islam on this issue.
I have been asked to discuss the question of the criteria for humanity. If we were to
do so from the viewpoint of biology, this would be an easy matter since we would be
dealing with the human body and the place of human beings in the animal world, in
which case there is no difference between individuals. By the standard of anatomy,
medicine, and, even to some extent, psychology, there are no major differences
between two or more individuals.
But is humanity limited to the body? Is human perfection and mobility confined to
man's physical aspect? In humanistic sciences there is talk of perfect and imperfect
man, of the low and high kind. What type of human being is ethically and socially
worthy of respect because of his or her perfection, or deserving of contempt because
of his or her imperfections? This is a topic which has always attracted attention not
only in human knowledge, but also in various religions. For example, the Quran
speaks of human beings who are higher than angels and worthy of homage by the
latter. It also mentions human beings who are inferior to animals.
What is the criteria which measures the differences between human beings? This
question is not only related to religion. Materialistic philosophers, too, who do not
believe in God and religion, discuss the question of man, humanity and superior and
inferior beings.
What is the criteria according to these philosophers? Can we say that human beings
are equal genetically, but that they differ in knowledge. That is, something which is
acquired not inherited, so that a person with more knowledge is higher than one with
less? Is this related to academic knowledge which gives superiority according to the
level and stage of one's studies? Do we respect people only in proportion to their
learning? Is Abu Dhar honoured because he was more learned than his
contemporaries? Is Mu'awiyah blameworthy and disliked because he had inferior
knowledge?
I do not believe that learning is a criterion for humanity. If it were so, we should say
that Einstein was the most endowed with qualities of humanity since he was the most
learned man of his time.
Another view is that although knowledge is one of the requisites of humanity, and
although the importance of awareness of the self, of the society and of the world
cannot be denied, it is inadequate. This view claims that humanity is measured by
character and disposition. A person may be very learned, but if he has a bad
character, would he be considered to be a real human being?
An animal behaves according to its instincts and it possesses no will to rule over its
instincts. When we call a dog a faithful animal, its faithfulness is instinctive. An ant is
prudent by instinct. There are also human beings in the world who have a disposition
resembling that of an animal. They possess their natural instincts, but have done
nothing to refinethemselves, and are condemned only to follow their nature.
The awareness of an animal is limited to its own time and place, while man's
awareness allows him to know the past and have an idea of the future and also step
beyond his own area and even his own planet. But the question of character is a
different matter. Knowledge is related to what one is taught, while character is related
to training and the forming of habits.
I do not think that knowledge as a criterion of humanity is acceptable and I will later
explain what type of people support it. The second view, i.e., characteristics as a
criterion of humanity, has more supporters. But we may ask what kind of
characteristics and dispositions? One of the answers to this question is that love is
the desired criterion, love, which is the mother of other fine dispositions. Thus, if one
bases one's character on the love of human beings, one has real humanity. Such a
person is as interested in others as in one's '"self " or even more interested in them.
In religion this is called self-sacrifice. There is a statement in a book that there is an
instruction in all religions to love for others what you love for yourself, and dislike for
them what you dislike for yourself. This has been stated in our traditions. This is the
logic of love. As we know, in the Hindu schools and in Christianity, much emphasis is
laid on love. But they have gone so far as to lose sight of everything else and
maintain that love is to be a course of action in all circumstances. Thus the love of
both these ideologies is a kind of stupefaction and the adequacy of love as a criterion
of humanity is to be discussed.
But if we accept the love for other human beings as the criterion, the issue will be
solved more easily than if we accept knowledge as the criterion. For example,
concerning our preference for Abu Dhar over Mu'awiyah, we are in a better position
to judge them on the basis of love. Mu'awiyah was a selfish and ambitious man who
exploited others by force. Abudhar was the reverse, and although he had all the
possibilities and even though Mu'awiyah was prepared to offer him many privileges,
yet he was anxious about the fate of others, particularly those who were oppressed
by Mu'awiyah. That is why he arose against this wicked man and spent his last years
in exile where he died. Thus, we call Abudhar human as he loved others, and we
consider Mu'awiyah inhuman as he was only interested in himself.
Or, similarly, why do we think Hadrat Ali, peace be upon him, is a perfect human
being? Because he felt society's pain, and his 'I' had become 'We'. His personality
attracted all others. He was not an individual separated from others. He was a limb or
organ of a whole body. He himself said that a pain in one part of society, as in a
body, made itself felt in the other parts, one of which was himself. Ali had declared
this long before the humanistic philosophy of thetwentieth century claimed it as an
ideal.
When he heard that a governor appointed by him had attended a feast, he wrote him
a letter of protest which is quoted in the Nahj ul-Balagha. It is not mentioned what
kind of a feast it had been, whether there had been drinking or gambling or dancing.
The governor was considered guilty by Hadrat Ali because he had participated in an
aristocratic feast which was not attended by any poor people.
He says, "I never believed a governor and representative of mine would attend such
a party of the nobility." He then describes his own life and says that he felt other
people's pain more than his own and their pain prevented him from feeling his own.
His words show that he was a truly learned and wise sage. Yet the reason why we
honor him so deeply is not only because of his wide knowledge, but because he was
human. He was not unaware of the destiny of others.
Another school of thought considers resolution and will power as the criterion for
humanity. It claims that if a person can dominate himself, his instincts, nerves and
passions by his will-power and reason and not be dominated over by his inclinations
and desires, he is really human.
There is a difference between desire and will. Desire is an attraction by an exterior
force, a relation between man and external objects, like a hungry man drawn by food,
or sexual attraction. Even sleep is an attraction. So is desire for rank and position.
But resolution is some thing internal, which liberates one from the urges of desire. It
places desires at the disposal of will-power to employ them as it considers expedient.
Most of our past moralists emphasized resolution as a criterion for humanity. People,
unlike animals, which are ruled by instinct, can decide to act against their own
inclinations. Thus a person of resolution is more human than one who cannot control
the 'self'.
Another criterion for humanity is freedom. What does this mean? It means that to the
extent that one tolerates no force, and is not captivated by any power and can
choose freely, one is human. In modern schools of thought, much emphasis is laid
on freedom as one of the criteria of humanity. Is this view correct or not? It is both
correct and incorrect. As a requisite for humanity, it is correct, but as the sole
criterion for humanity, it is wrong.
Islam has laid great emphasis on self-control. I relate a story here in connection with
it. It is narrated that the Prophet was passing by a place in Medina where a number
of young men were testing their strength by lifting a heavy stone. When they saw the
Prophet, they asked him to act as judge. The Prophet agreed, and at the end of the
competition he said, "Do you know who is the strongest? It is he who controls his
anger and does not allow it to overcome him. He must not use his anger in a way
contrary to God's satisfaction and should be able to dominate over his own desires."
On that day, the Prophet transformed a physical contest into a spiritual one. What he
meant was that physical strength shows manliness but it is not the only sign of it.
True manliness is in the strength of will power.
We call Hadrat Ali the 'Lion of God', for he was more manly than all in two ways:
Externally in society and on the battlefield where he could overthrow his strongest
opponents; and, more important than that, internally, meaning that he was in perfect
control of himself and of every whim and wish.
Jalal al-din Rumi tells a story in his Mathnavi about Hadrat Ali as a young man of 24
or 25 in which he portrays a fine picture of manliness. He had thrown down his
adversary in a battle and was sitting on his chest, about to kill him. The man spit on
Hadrat's face. Annoyed, Hadrat Ali temporarily leaves the man and walks about for a
while. The man asks why he left him to himself. Hadrat answers, "If I had killed you
then, it would have been in anger, not in the way of my duty to my goal and for the
sake of God." This is a wonderful example of self control.
Hadrat says in his testament to his son, Imam Hasan, peace be upon him, "Consider
yourself and your life above every mean deed. In return for what you pay out of your
life for desires, you receive nothing. Do not make yourself a slave of others, for God
has created you free." The question of freedom is something that the school of
existentialism, too, accepts as a criterion for humanity.
Another criterion for humanity is the question of duty and responsibility which began
with Kant and has been emphasized in our own time. This means feeling responsible
to society, to oneself and to one's family. How should one obtain this feeling and
what is its basis? Is it created in one's conscience?
Another school of thought, including Plato, considers beauty as the criterion for
humanity. All schools recognize and approve of justice. One school approves of
justice from an ethical viewpoint. Another one approves of it because it considers
that there is a relation between justice and freedom, while Plato thinks justice is good
in both the individual and society, because it leads to poise and beauty. Of course,
his idea of beauty is obviously spiritual beauty.
On another occasion we will judge between all these schools and we will review the
views of Islam on this issue.